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Kitniyos – A False Attribution: A Response to Rabbi David Bar-Hayim


kitn[By Rabbi Yair Hoffman]

Generally speaking, it is never a good idea to attack others. It is even a worse idea to attack an Av Beit Din and Rabbi who publishes Torah thoughts. At times, however, when a kosher minhag in Klal Yisroel comes under attack, it is necessary to enter the fray. I feel particularly bad about this, because I have had enjoyable discussions with Rabbi David Bar-Hayim. Nonetheless, the attempt to besmirch the minhag of not eating Kitniyos on Pesach by attributing it to Karaite origins by Rabbi David bar Hayim (http://koleinu.com.au/qittniyoth-kitniyotkitniyos-a-qaraite-custom/) demands a response.

Rabbi Bar Hayim writes as follows:

Does the custom of not consuming Kitniot during Passover perhaps derive from a Karaite interpretation of Chometz? This possibility cannot be discounted – a number of customs and halakhic interpretations made their way into normative Judaism during the late Geonic period, the heyday of Karaitism, a fact attested to by no less an authority than Maimonides (Isure Biya 11:14 (or 15).

It is this author’s view that Rabbi Bar Hayim is wrong – dead wrong on this possible attribution, for a number of reasons:

This citation of Maimonides is misleading. In no way does Maimonides imply in these Halachos that normative Judaism was affected by Karaite law. The Rambam was discussing the influence of the Tzaddukim – not the Karaites.

The distinction is not insignificant. Why is this the case? Because, as any student of Karaite history knows, there were no Karaites in France in the middle ages. Karaites, to be sure, were found in numerous places, but their inroad into Europe came through the Crimean Peninsula. They entered what is now Turkey, Lithuania, and Russia, but they were not in France.

Rabbi Bar Hayim himself recognizes that the first mention in the Rishonim of the custom of avoiding Kitnios was in France. It is inconceivable that a custom would develop in country X on account of alleged influence by group Z, when there were no members of group Z in the locale where the custom is first mentioned.

In addition, the customs of the Karaite community on Passover is to avoid anything that can and generally does ferment. They avoid yogurts and cheeses because these items ferment. Yet Rabbi Bar Hayim expands this definition to include beans and the like. Karaites themselves do not avoid beans on Passover.

True, Karaites avoid rice, but as any student of food history in the middle ages also knows, there was no rice in Europe after the fall of Rome. After Rome fell, trade came to a virtual standstill because of the emergence of pirates. Rome was no longer policing the seas, and most Europeans did not know what Rice was until well after the Crusades when trade was to pick up again.

So to summarize:

1] There were no Karaites in France so there could not have been a cultural influence.

2] Karaites do not avoid Kitnios – they avoid things that are fermented. They avoid rice, but there was no rice in the time or place where the minhag against kitniyos developed.

3] The source for Karaitic influence that Rabbi Bar Hayim quotes is incorrect.

Also, the Rishonim and leading Rabbis of Klal Yisroel have spoken extensively about how it wrong to cast aspersions on a minhag in Israel (See, for example, Tashbatz Vol. IV Siman 32; Rivash Siman 35, Sdei Chemed Vol. IV page 270(. It is wrong to attribute

So how and why did the custom emerge to forbid Kitniyos? The reason why kitniyos were forbidden, was on account of a protective measure. The Mishnah Berurah (O.C. 453:6, 464:5) provides a few explanations:

(1) Kitniyos are harvested and processed in the same way that chametz is. The masses would confuse the two and come to permit grains for themselves.

(2) Kitniyos can also be ground and baked, just like chametz, and people might come to permit chametz grains.

(3) The Kitniyos themselves may have actual chametz mixed in. All three reasons are therefore protective in nature. The prohibition was strictly limited to consumption; one may own and derive benefit from kitniyos on Pesach.

For those who doubt the rationale, I’d like to give a contemporary example. It seems that there is a product out there called “pizza cones” – that are placed on a cardboard stand (ostensibly oven-safe) inside of a toaster oven. There are bar – Mitzvah boys who have derived from these instructions that one can even put paper plates inside of a toaster oven.

If such a mistake can happen, then one can easily see why some later Rishonim would push to stop a minhag that can have such disastrous consequences.

MORE ON KITNIYOS

Just what is included in kitniyos? The term “legumes”is a misnomer, as that word simply means a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the edible fruit or seeds of such plants, such as beans and peas. The prohibition extended beyond just legumes, however. Rice, mustard, and corn (see M.B. 453:4) are also included. So are buckwheat, lentils, and sesame seeds.

What about Quinoa? The Badatz of the Eida Chareidis (Madrich HaKashrus 5772, Ch. 15, pg. 47) views it like corn which came to be included in the prohibition, while Rav Heineman from the Star K rules that it is permissible. The OU initially forbade it, with a printed response by Rav Yisroel Belsky (Ve’Kasher HaDavar (July 2012, pg. 9) explaining that Quinoa fit every criterion for Kitniyos. Rav Hershel Schachter had disagreed with Rabbi Belsky from the outset on this issue and in December of 2013, Rabbi Genack announced that Quinoa is not to be considered Kitniyos. They did this, according to the announcement, after investigating issues of cross-contamination in several countries. In addition to quinoa, OU Kosher has concluded that related canihua, kiwicha and maca seeds would also not be considered Kitniyos.

The TaZ writes that it is simply impossible to clearly define and quantify what is included in the category.

What about coffee? Is that a bean? The Shaarei Teshuvah forbids coffee as kitniyos. The prevalent Minhag is not to follow the Shaarei Teshuvah and to permit it. (This was true even before Maxwell House sponsored the English language Haggadahs).

And what about peanuts? Some say yes, some say no. Many of our older readers will remember the peanut oil with a Pesach hechsher that used to dominate our kitchen cabinets. No longer.

WHY THE STRINGENCIES?

And why are we so stringent regarding derivatives of kitniyos? This comes from a halachah found in the Rama: the Rama indicates that oil made from kitniyos is forbidden just like the kitniyos themselves. Cottonseed oil is perplexing, because some say yes and some say no. Canola oil is kitniyos, too.

FROM WHEN IS IT FORBIDDEN?

When are kitniyos forbidden? The Sheivet HaLevi (Vol. III, No. 31) rules that the time we can no longer eat them is the same time as for chametz itself. The Maharsham (Daas Torah 453) permits it, until the evening of Pesach itself. The minhag is to be stringent, but for those direct descendents of the Maharsham (quite a few of whom live in Lawrence), it would be okay to eat kitniyos on erev Pesach.

THE LENIENCIES

There is also a leniency. Kitniyos is battul b’rov if mixed in accidentally with other (kosher l’Pesach) food (see Mishnah Berurah 453:9). In other words, even if the taste is distinguishable, as long as the kitniyos constitutes less than half of the final mixture and is not removable, the food remains kosher! The Rav Shulchan Aruch says that this doesn’t work if it is the main part of the dish – even when less than half.

Sick people may also eat kitniyos on Pesach, and it is permitted to feed kitniyos to infants or to animals. The Chasam Sofer writes (O.C. 122) not to let it cook a long time in the pot, but rather to heat up the water first and then put in the kitniyos (which is what we do anyway, except when using a rice cooker). Ideally, if one is feeding someone kitniyos, a separate pot should be kept for that use (P’ri Chadash 453). There is no need to kasher, though, if an error was made.

OTHER HALACHOS

Are Kitniyos Muktzah on Shabbos? No, rules Rav Asher Weiss. Why not? Because they may be given to a Sephardic Jew on Yom Tov.

When a couple gets married, the wife follows the customs of the husband. So a Sephardic girl who marries an Ashkenazic boy cannot have kitniyos, while an Ashkenazic girl who marries a Sephardic boy may have kitniyos. This is true for a second marriage, as well.

WILL IT BE CHANGED?

Another question: Is the prohibition of kitniyos here to stay? The Teshuvah MeAhavah (No. 259) seems to indicate that it is. He writes that even if the beis din of Shmuel HaRamasi or Eliyahu HaNavi were to reconvene, they would not have the ability to permit kitniyos. And, at least according to some poskim, it is a pretty serious prohibition; the Maharil (Hilchos Pesach 25) writes that violating the minhag can cause one to be put to death!

A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH

But why all the stringencies? Why do we forbid so many things and their derivatives, as well? Why on erev Pesach, too? Perhaps a philosophical approach to kitniyos can answer a lot of our questions. One reason, given by the father of Koznitz Hagaddah’s publisher (found in the Nuta Gavriel), is that the word alludes to a notion that means small, while Pesach is associated with things that are great.

To elaborate a bit, kitniyos represents something which is the antithesis of Pesach. Of all the holidays on the Jewish calendar, Pesach connotes greatness”a realization of who we are as a nation, and a concomitant recognition that Hashem had great purpose in redeeming us from the hand of Pharaoh. Within the small nation of Israel lies cosmic significance with a national spiritual destiny that can affect the world. Pesach connotes geulah, redemption, with all the overtones implied in the word.

Kitniyos, on the other hand, alludes to smallness. The word conjures up thoughts of a myopic, small-mindedness of sorts, where the cosmic significance and the national destiny of the Jewish people is ignored. Everything that we do has import, even down to the foods we eat or the foods that we do not eat. Perhaps we are so stringent in avoiding kitniyos to help us dispose of the small-mindedness that can get us stuck into just looking at the trees without seeing the forest. For the same reason, the community of the town of Ostreich refrained from eating kitniyos on any day on which Tachanun is not recited (see Be’er Heitev O.C. 131, citing the Maharil). What is the reason? Perhaps it is to appeal to the inner voice within us to achieve our destiny, both as a people and as individuals.

The author can be reached at [email protected]

ARTICLE PUBLISHED BY 5TJT



16 Responses

  1. It makes the most sense to me that kitnyos is based on either a mistaken belief that anything which puffs up is chometz or an adaptation of karaite ideals which subscribes to the same view. After all, the kaarites were not the only ones over history to discard torah shbal peh. If it were not the kaarites themselves who poisoned the french jews and others with the idea that anything that puffs is chometz then it was either a different group which rejected torah sebal peh or, as i said before, a mistake made along those lines. i believe the preponderance of the evidence points to this conclusion. it also explains how the custom developed in multiple places without connection to one another including france, iran and in african countries. it is a custom either based on a mistake or a perversion of torah judaism.

  2. Actually Kitniyos with things like rice or beans doesn’t come from France, but rather from Spain, which is why most Sephardim (and all of Spanish ancesty) do not use bean. Then in France the Rabbanim took it to the next step.
    Also with Quinoa, it is a seed of a plant, read the Star-K reasoning and you will realize how those that assur it are doing it based on a misunderstanding of what Quinoa is

  3. I have seen other radical psakim from this Rabbi. One example is that he feels that pots do not absorb and do not need koshering today. I would not be so loath to argue with him…

  4. Rabbi Hoffman in his PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH alludes to the smallness of Kitniot and its antithesis to Pesach and other such thoughts.
    Frankly speaking without realising it, he is denigrating those that eat it.
    let me see, the Rav Sadia Gaon and Rav Hai Gaon ate it, The Rambam, The Ramban, The Rif, The Beit Yosef, The Chida, The Baba Sali, The Ben Ish Hai, Rav Ovadia all ate it to name a few. And there is not a shred of evidence to suggest that Rashi didn’t eat it either. I have in front of me loads of kitniot products with Rav Ovadia’s hecsher, in fact a new brand of such products with Rav Ovadia’s hecsher called Kitni is now all the rage in Israel.
    Seems to me the Giants of Torah must laugh at those who search for reasons in all spheres of life to justify this minhag. Its a minhag, probably not a good one, but just leave it at that, don’t try and justify beyond that.

  5. With modern food processing and the modern food industry, if you allow kitniyos, sooner or later you will have kitniyos-based bread, pizza, etc., that are virtually indistinguishable from grain-based. Just look at everything produced for those who aspire to be “gluten-free”. And if quinoa is accepted as non-kitniyos, we are almost there already since quinoa recipes for bread, cake, etc., are readily available.

    So practically, in a post-kitniyos world, we’ll end up with a Pesach cuisine that is identical to what we eat the rest of the year, with the addition of matza at the seder (which BTW, is what many non-orthodox Jews hold).

    I predict the Sefardim (and Modern Orthodox) will reconsider their use of kitniyos, or at least make a takana prohibiting using it for anything other than its usual uses (i.e. no using kitniyos, including quinoa, to make bread).

  6. With all due respect I do not agree with Rabbi Hoffman’s “defense” of the minhag and “attack” on the Rov in Israel. If you read the original article you will see that he never once entertained the idea of Ashkenazim eating kitniyot. Yes, he probably thinks they can, but his article is written as a theoretical academic discussion of the originals. There is no need for Rabbi Hoffman’s “holy war” to defend the minhag. Lemaaseh, Rabbi Hoffman evokes the “Rishonim and leading Rabbis of Klal Yisroel” who talk about how bad it is to cast aspersions on minhag yisroel. But what about the main Ashkenazi rishonim who rejected the minhag, famously calling it a “minhag shtut” and “chumra yeterah.” (See Rabbenu Yeruchum, Tur, Rosh, etc and most all rishonim in that time period.) To give false chashivus to the minhag is casting aspersions on basically all of the rishonim!!!Lemaaseh we dont eat kitniyot because the minhag developed. But to add grandeur to the minhag is simply incorrect.

    It is incorrect to mock any legitimate minhag, but the poskim discuss how there are minhagim in klal yisroel that we got from the goyim. Whether or not kitniyot is karaite I dont know. But lets not lie to oursleves and make up “holy” mekoros for everything. Rav Ovadia Yosef ztl lists in a teshuva a ton of minhagim that Ashkenazim do at chasunas that came from the Christians. Does he attack them and say to stop? No. He simply says Sefardim lived with the Arabs originally and not Christians and didnt get these customs and so they shouldnt do them. (holding candles down the aisle etc.) Yes, ppl come up with mekoros after the fact, but lemaaseh they originated from goyim. Same thing with some minhagim by the Sefardim.

    Have a normal halachik discussion about the minhag, but dont get carried away with “attacks” and “defenses.”

  7. And to which ever talmid chuchim commented this: “I have seen other radical psakim from this Rabbi. One example is that he feels that pots do not absorb and do not need koshering today. I would not be so loath to argue with him…”

    You may not be so low to argue with him, but I guess you are dragging down with him many chashuve poskim in Eretz Yisroel and America who I have heard from and who have written that lemaasey if you test certain pots there are no bliyos or barely at all. Bc of how we make them so good nowadays. They dont pasken lemaaseh to not kosher them, bc its too radical, but say that since thats the emes if big rabonim would come out with the psak they would be metztaref.

    Dont be so quick to give your two cents.

  8. besalel, Judah 123
    before you put your two cents in about the origin of the minhag please have the decency acknowledge that your theories are in conflict with what early Ashkenazy authorities have to say about Kitnioth. From a historical point of view rejection of this minhag was one of the first attacks by the german Maskilim/reform in the late 18-early 19 th century (nice company you have).
    The Chatam Sofer in one of his Shu”t come out very strongly in protection of this minhag.
    Please respect our minhagim as we do yours.

  9. Besides the issue of Kithnioth, the approach of Rabbi David Bar-Hayim to rationalize halach from a historical point of view set a dangerous precedent against the legitimacy of our Mesorah: why not explain any din, halacha or minhag as a having evolved from some foreign/gentile influence. Where in his opinion does our modern knowledge of mammal-biology leave the Halachot of trefot

  10. To understand Rabbi David Bar-Hayim weltanschauung please note this comment from his website:
    Rabbi David Bar-Hayim heads the Machon Shilo organization which promotes moving from the current halachic and philosophical reality to a revitalized Judaism. Machon Shilo believes that while the Jewish People have physically returned to their ancestral homeland, Eretz Yisrael, they have not yet returned to the Torah of Eretz Yisrael. Rabbi Bar-Hayim received rabbinic ordination from Yeshivat Merkaz HaRav and from Rav Yosef Kapach.

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