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It should be very evident that the are multiple dialects. Targum is different than Yerushalmi/Medrash, and those as different from Bavli. Bavli is (most masechtos) consistent. Nobody speaks a wishy-washy language.
English also changed. Does that mean we don’t follow rules? Of course there’s a certain grammar system. There might be multiple dialects within Bavel, too, with smaller differences.
There are some Sefarim which codify the different Aramaic systems, but I don’t have any. I can’t imagine reading through one, either. Dry Dikduk is very hard to plunge through.
If קאי means to stand, and the present tense is קאים, what about ‘going’? Is that זילם? Er, no. That would perhaps be מיזל, אזיל. So, is that because קאי ends with a vowel? Or maybe the real word is קאים but the מי”ם gets dropped in its usage.
Does Aramaic have all 7 בנינים?