So the ones I know:
Coup d’etat – Basically a revolution, overthrowing the government.
Vicious Infinite Regress – Surprised you didn’t know this, what with your maths background. Fractals are a good example; it’s a thing that breaks down into a smaller things identical to itself infinitely, the old picture of a man looking at the picture of himself looking at a picture of himself looking at a picture of himself ad infinitum business.
Vicious Circle – A series of events that causes itself; A causes B which causes C which causes A.
Apodictic Hygiene – Not sure about the hygiene part but apodictic means a clearly constructed logical argument where the conclusion is inescapable.
Vermiculate – Basically, squiggly decoration.
Horriplatively – Doesn’t exist, but horriplation does and means goosebumps.
Mutatis Mutandis – Changing as little as possible but making necessary changes.
Surd – Really surprised you didn’t know this one. It’s a root number that can only be expressed as the root itself, e.g. root 3 or cubed root of 5 etc.
Intrigued to know what the others mean.