gavra – halacha has provisions specifying what the penalties are for wronging an aino yehudi. As a rule of thumb, the penalties are more severe when the wronged party is a member of klal yisroel.
The Mored B’malchus question is interesting that I don’t know offhand. Rambam probably discusses it. I’m doubtful that if a Jew is Mored B’malchus against a non-Jewish monarch/government if halacha gives the non-Jewish government jurisdiction to punish him according to their own laws, however severe they may be. I suspect that halacha has its own specifications, even in such a case, what the penalty is.