RebE, I feel you are going to next ask me when did I stop beating my wives!
Of course, rich are already paying more than others – even if everyone pays 10% of their income, a rich person is paying more. Gemora, I think, in Bava Basra considers several cases of how to access taxes, viewed somewhat as user fees.
In addition to tzedokah and paying for people who perform communal duties (Leviim) – all together ~ 20% , we have some services that apply to everyone, such as protecting city walls (border patrol, Dept of Defense). How would you pay? I guess both by person and by income – everyone needs their life to be protected equally, but property protection is protected proportionally to income.
All in all, it seems that taxes should be a little less than proportional – many services are proportional to property, and some are per person, with some exemptions, such as Talmidei Chachamim. I do not see any suggestions of “progressive” taxation – asking richer people to routinely submit larger and larger share of their income.
At the end, Bava Basra offers another approach – that a community (such a professional guild) – can create their own rules (in a case they do not have a chacham to ask). So, whatever a community agrees to, should be OK, however progressive it is. And as I mentioned above, the implications seems to be that such agreements should be done by smallest community possible. So, do your community, your town, your county, your state before you try to impose your views on the whole country. I am sure you agree to this approach – after all, you are not asking for a world-wide federal tax imposed by UN with Chinese and Russian vetoes, you agree to limit yourself to one country that has some common culture and a chance to come to an agreement. Why not devolve this lower so that we fight less? Rodef shalom …