“And how did they ever bake cakes in Europe? Did they have baking soda or powder”
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Yes, in Europe people had and still have baking soda, powder, yeast,
To measure flour, sugar or water they use a glass (half glass). To measure oil – table spoon. To measure salt – tea spoon. To measure butter – grams (the measurement of weight).
Every recipe in a cook book has measurements of the country, where book published.