The chassidim were indeed once all called Karliners, but for a different reason. As is known, the Lithuanian misnagdim went to the Russian authorities and complained that the chassidim were not obeying the rules of traditional Judaism. The Russians went to investigate the local chassidic sect in Karlin but were not aware of the nuances of different chassidic sects in different places. Hence, in their report, they referred to the chassidic groups as a whole by the only name they knew at the time, the Karlin sect.
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