Rav Avigdor Miller ZT”L writes that when he first went to the Yeshiva in Slabodka in 1932, the nearby city of Kovna (of which Slabodka was a suburb)had a bus leaving every half hour on Shabbos for mechallelei shabbos to go to work. By the time he left in 1938, the bus left every 5 minutes. One disadvantage to our way of memorializing Europe is that we think everyone in Europe was frum. This was not the case. Secular Zionists, Socialists, Bundists, and many other “ists” vied for attention with frum Yiddishkeit.
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