hello99,
We see in Sefer Shmuel that it is dangerous for a Jewish king to count the Yidden in the manner that Dovid HaMelech did. But the US census does not count only the Jews, nor is it conducted by a Jewish king.
There are many accounts in both TaNaCh & Torah SheB’al Peh of our travails in golus. It is unlikely that the Yidden were not counted at any time during their time in mitzrayim or bavel, yet I am unaware of any mention that they suffered a plague or other punishment as a result of such a census. If there is one I’m missing (or an account from other exiles) I’d appreciate if someone would mention it here.