Yeshiva World News

While Moshe Leon is officially backed by the Likud and Yisrael Beitenu parties in the Jerusalem mayoral race, he is not the favored candidate among along of the Likud loyalists.

According to a Yisrael Hayom report, a letter of support for Mayor Nir Barkat was signed by 60 Likud activists, including prominent businessmen. They speak of their delight with changes seen in Yerushalayim during Barkat’s first term in office, committing to continue supporting him as he seeks a second term in office.

Last week tens of rabbonim from the dati leumi community released a letter of support for Barkat as well. Among the more prominent rabbonim signed on the letter were Rabbi Chaim Druckman, Rabbi Shlomo Aviner, Rabbi Eitan Eiseman, Rabbi Shmuel Zafrani and Rabbi Avichai Ronsky.

(YWN – Israel Desk, Jerusalem)

Geeks aren’t the only people wearing Google Glass.

Among the people testing Google Inc.’s wearable computer are teachers, dentists, doctors, radio disc jockeys, hair stylists, architects, athletes and even a zookeeper.

Some 10,000 people are trying out an early version of Glass, most of them selected as part of a contest.

To get a sense of the advantages and drawbacks of the device, The Associated Press spoke to three Glass owners who have been using the device since late spring: Sarah Hill, a former TV broadcaster and current military veterans advocate; David Levy, a hiking enthusiast and small business owner; and Deborah Lee, a stay-at-home mom.

Glass is designed to work like a smartphone that’s worn like a pair of glasses. Although it looks like a prop from a science fiction movie, the device is capturing imaginations beyond the realm of nerds.

The trio’s favorite feature, by far, is the hands-free camera that shoots photos and video through voice commands. (Images can also be captured by pressing a small button along the top of the right frame of Glass.) They also liked being able to connect to the Internet simply by tapping on the right frame of Glass to turn it on and then swiping along the same side to scroll through a menu. That menu allows them to do such things as get directions on Google’s map or find a piece of information through Google’s search engine. The information is shown on a thumbnail-sized transparent screen attached just above the right eye to stay out of a user’s field of vision.

Among the biggest shortcomings they cited was Glass’ short battery life, especially if a lot of video is being taken. Although Google says Glass should last for an entire day on a single battery charge for the typical user, Hill said there were times when she ran out of power after 90 minutes to two hours during periods when she was recording a lot of video.

Glass’ speaker, which relies on a bone conduction technology, also is inadequate, according to the testers the AP interviewed. They said the speaker, which transmits sound through the skull to allow for ambient noise, can be difficult to hear in any environment other than a quiet room.

“If you are out in the street or anywhere else where there is any noise, it’s impossible to hear,” Lee said. “That has been challenging because there is no way to adjust it. If you could adjust the sound, I think it would solve a lot of problems.”

Hill, 42, a resident of Columbia, Mo., became a Glass evangelist shortly after she picked up the device at Google’s New York offices in late May. As the AP watched her get fitted with Glass though a video feed on Google’s Hangout chat service, Hill quickly began to rave about her ability to take hands-free pictures and fetch information from the Web simply by asking the device to get it. “This is like having the Internet in your eye socket,” Hill said. “But it’s less intrusive than I thought it would be. I can totally see how this would still let you still be in the moment with the people around you.”

The liberating aspects of Glass came into sharper focus for Hill as she took a cab to the airport for her flight back to Missouri. During the taxi ride, she began a video call on Google Hangout with people living in Austria, the United Kingdom and St. Louis. As the cab was preparing to drop her off at the curb, Hill was about to end the call so she could carry her baggage. Then came her first Glass epiphany.

“That’s when it hit me that, ‘Holy cow, I don’t have to cut the call off,’” Hill recalled. “I could continue talking because I didn’t have to hold a phone. So I carried on a conversation through the airport and people were staring at me like, ‘What is that thing on your face?’”

Hill became accustomed to the double takes and quizzical looks as she wore Glass to community gatherings, restaurants and shopping excursions. The encounters usually led to her offering others to try on Glass, and most were impressed with their glimpses at the technology, Hill said.

“When you have these glasses on, it’s like it helps you see the future,” Hill said. “It helps you see what’s possible.”

Hill, a former news anchor and reporter for KOMU-TV in Columbia, Mo., believes Glass is destined to transform broadcast journalism by empowering reporters to capture compelling images at scenes without the need for cumbersome equipment. She likens it to having a satellite TV truck that only weighs 1.5 ounces. Glass also would make it easier for reporters to field questions from viewers through the Twitter app or through direct texts.

Hill has already used Glass to provide a tour of the World War II memorial in Washington, D.C., for veterans gathered in St. Louis by Veterans United, where Hill now works as the group’s chief storyteller. The veterans were too old or ill to make the journey themselves, so Hill gave them a close-up look through a video feed transmitted through Glass in June.

Lee, a New York City resident, has been relying on Glass mostly to capture precious moments with her 9-month-old daughter, Maddie. Her favorite moment came when she photographed some of her daughter’s first giggles a couple months ago. Lee, 34, told Glass to take the pictures as she as tickled and kissed her daughter’s tummy.

“Obviously, you can’t do that with a phone in your hand, so I am totally loving Glass,” Lee said. “It has really been great.”

Glass also allowed Lee to set up live video sessions with her parents in Oregon so they could see Maddie eat her first solid food just as she saw it. She also took pictures of her raising Maddie airborne that wouldn’t have been feasible with a camera requiring hands-on operation. “I am capturing all these tiny moments that are really exciting with a baby,” Lee said.

Unlike Hill’s experience in Missouri, hardly anyone in New York gives her a second look when she wears Glass in Central Park or around her neighborhood.

“I thought more people would stop me in the street or something like that, but that hasn’t really happened,” Lee said.

Levy, 39, rarely wears his Glass around his hometown of Boulder, Colo., because he doesn’t want to stand out from the crowd. Just two days after Levy picked up the device in New York, he recalls seeing someone else wearing the device at the airport. “My initial reaction was, ‘What a jerk,’” Levy said. “There was a little bit of ostentatiousness about it, as if he were flaunting it. I am a low-key guy who doesn’t like a lot of attention. I have an iPhone that does a lot of things that I might otherwise make Glass do if I didn’t want to make a spectacle of it.”

Glass has impressed Levy while wearing it for his main purpose of taking pictures and video of some of the trails charted by Protrails.com, an online hiking site he co-owns. His objective is to share more of the Continental Divide with schoolchildren in hopes it will inspire them to do more outdoor exploration and less sitting at home.

“I was wondering if Glass would feel like a burden or part of my hiking equipment. It actually feels pretty cool,” Levy said. “They are totally fine on my head and don’t block any of my view. When you see something interesting, you can immediately have a camera on it. I really enjoy being able to capture those images.”

Glass’ ability to take hands-free pictures and video has raised concerns among privacy watchdogs who believe the device will make it easier to secretly record the activities of other people. But Levy is convinced that what Glass can do isn’t much different than what many people already do with their smartphones. To prove his point, Levy used his iPhone to record a conversation he was having with a friend who was railing against the privacy risks posed by Glass.

“I recognize that Glass can make people uncomfortable, but I have to say the privacy issues are a specious concern,” Levy said. “If I have a phone in a restaurant, I can get a picture of just about anybody I want with it. So what’s the difference between a phone and Glass?”

Lee regularly has Glass with her when Maddie is around other babies and said she hasn’t heard any privacy objections from other parents. That could be because she has been careful about following the social cues around her. If she sees other parents snapping pictures of their babies with their phones, Levy has donned her Glass. If no one else is taking pictures or video, though, she leaves Glass in her bag.

Some analysts question whether Glass will have mass appeal once it hits the market. Skeptics who have seen the early participants walking around wearing Glass believe the device will eventually be remembered as a geeky curiosity that never lived up to its hype, similar to the Segway, the two-wheeled, self-balancing scooters that remain an anomaly more than a decade after they first went on sale.

Angela McIntyre, a research director for Gartner Inc., believes the retail price for Glass will have to plummet to $200 to make a significant dent. Early testers had to pay $1,500 for the device, though Google hopes to bring that price down by the time of its mass-market release next year.

Even then, McIntyre believes smartwatches, another type of Internet-connected device starting to appear on the market, will win a bigger following than Glass. “Most people are just more used to putting technology on their wrist,” she said. “It’s less intrusive and obtrusive to wear a watch that can serve as a second screen to your smartphone.”

In a recent report on wearable computing, Forrester Research analyst Sarah Rotman Epps predicted Glass will appeal largely to “young, socially connected tech optimists” and professionals, such as surgeons, construction managers and even farmers, who could use the device as part of their jobs. She defines tech optimists as people “who see technology playing a positive role in their lives.”

Hill figures it’s still way too early to envision all the different ways that Glass will be used.

“We are guinea pigs using the Model Ts of a new age in computing,” she said. “They don’t have heated seats or radios or all the amenities that they will eventually, and we are still learning how to drive them.”

(AP)

The Obama administration tried to bolster its case Tuesday for possible military action against Syria within days, with intelligence agencies preparing to release intercepted communications aimed at proving Bashar Assad perpetrated a large-scale chemical weapons attack on civilians. “There’s no doubt who is responsible for this heinous use of chemical weapons in Syria: the Syrian regime,” Vice President Joe Biden said.

The U.S. and international partners were unlikely to undertake military action before Thursday. That’s when British Prime Minister David Cameron will convene an emergency meeting of Parliament where lawmakers are expected to vote on a motion clearing the way for a British response to the alleged chemical weapons attack.

Obama and Cameron conferred on response plans Tuesday, their second known conversation in recent days.

Administration officials argued that Assad’s actions posed a direct threat to U.S. national security, providing President Barack Obama with a potential legal justification for launching a strike without authorization from the United Nations or Congress. However, officials did not detail how the U.S. was directly threatened by an attack contained within Syria’s borders. Nor did they present concrete proof that Assad was responsible.

“Allowing the use of chemical weapons on a significant scale to take place without a response would present a significant challenge to, threat to the United States’ national security,” White House spokesman Jay Carney said.

Assad has denied using chemical weapons, calling the allegations “preposterous.”

Obama is weighing a response focused narrowly on punishing Assad for violating international agreements that ban the use of chemical weapons, an act the president repeatedly has said would cross a “red line.” Officials said the goal was not to drive the Syrian leader from power or impact the broader trajectory of Syria’s bloody civil war, which is now in its third year.

“The options we are considering are not about regime change,” Carney told reporters.

According to U.S. officials, the most likely operation would be largely sea-based, with the strikes coming primarily from Navy warships in the Mediterranean Sea. Fighter jets often are deployed to monitor the area and protect the ships, but Syria’s robust air defense system makes air strikes more difficult and risky.

Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel said military forces stand ready to strike Syria immediately if the commander in chief gives the order. The Navy has four destroyers in the eastern Mediterranean within range of targets inside Syria and also has warplanes in the region.

“We are ready to go,” Hagel said during a television interview while traveling in Asia.

Ahead of any strike, the U.S. also plans to release additional intelligence it says will directly link Assad to the Aug. 21 attack in the Damascus suburbs. Syrian activists say hundreds of people were killed in the attack. A U.S. official said the intelligence report is expected to include “signals intelligence” — information gathered from intercepted communications.

All of the officials insisted on anonymity because they were not authorized to publicly discuss the internal deliberations.

Even before releasing that information, U.S. officials said they had very little doubt that Assad was culpable in the attack based on witness reports, information on the number of victims and the symptoms of those killed or injured, and intelligence showing the Syrian government has not lost control of its chemical weapons stockpiles.

Other administration officials echoed Biden’s comments, which marked a subtle shift in the administration’s rhetoric on who bears responsibility for the attack. Earlier in the week officials would say only that there was “very little doubt” Assad was responsible.

Obama, Biden and other senior administration officials have spent much of the week seeking to rally international support for an aggressive response to the chemical weapons attack. The president spoke Tuesday with Prime Minister Stephen Harper of Canada, a NATO ally, and has also talked to French President Francois Hollande and Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd.

Along with Britain, France appears poised to back the U.S. response. In Paris, Hollande said Tuesday that France was “ready to punish those who took the heinous decision to gas innocents.” The Arab League, a 22-member body dominated by Saudi Arabia and Qatar, also called for justice, laying blame for the attack on the Syrian government.

Italy, meanwhile, was insisting that any strike should be authorized by the U.N. Security Council.

The flurry of action was in stark contrast to Obama’s previously restrained approach to Syria’s civil war, which has left more than 100,000 people dead, according to U.N. estimates. He has resisted calls for a more robust U.S. response, underscoring the scant appetite among the American public for a long involvement in another Middle East war.

Even after the latest use of chemical weapons, the president has ruled out putting American troops on the ground in Syria and officials said they were not considering setting up a unilateral no-fly zone.

Instead, officials said it was likely missiles could be used to target weapons arsenals, command and control centers, radar and communications facilities, and other military headquarters. Less likely was a strike on a chemical weapons site because of the risk of releasing toxic gases.

Military experts and U.S. officials said the strikes probably would come during the night and target key military sites.

The Obama administration’s desire to respond quickly to last week’s attack likely puts the president in the position of taking military action without formal approval from the United Nations. Russia, which has helped prop up Assad throughout the civil war, is certain to block U.S. attempts to seek a resolution approving force at the U.N. Security Council.

It’s unclear whether the president will seek some type of authorization from Congress, which is out of session until Sept. 9. Rep. Scott Rigell, R-Va., is asking colleagues to sign a letter to Obama that urges him to reconvene Congress and seek approval for any military action.

The 1973 War Powers Resolution reaffirmed Congress’ constitutional responsibility to declare war and put a 60-day time limit on the president’s ability to take unauthorized, emergency military action. Since then, commanders in chief of both political parties have maintained that the resolution is unconstitutional and have regularly disregarded it.

When the U.S. acted with allies against Libyan dictator Moammar Gadhafi two years ago, Obama maintained military operations for more than three months without congressional authorization. He said the U.S. wasn’t violating the War Powers Resolution because Americans were supporting a NATO-led operation and weren’t engaged in full-blown hostilities.

(AP)

Chief Ashkenazi Rabbi David Lau was mispallel at Kever Rochel accompanied by the mora d’asra of Alon Shvut, Rabbi Aaron Pearl and the head of the Gush Etzion Regional Council, David Pearl.

The rav explained he feels “happy and proud” as he started his day by affixing a mezuzah in Modi’in and then traveled to Kever Rochel. He added that while Rochel cries for her children, “today she has reason to be happy too since her children are returning home and settling the area, nachlas avos. He added that the area of the tziyun is “our land from the avos, and I am davening to HKBH that we should all be granted a Shana Tova accompanied with happiness, tranquility and of course the redemption.”

The rav made a point of giving his bracha to the commander of the border police at Kever Rochel and his troops, praising their mesirus nefesh and their always on call status to keep the holy site available and safe for mispallalim.

(YWN – Israel Desk, Jerusalem)

A lack of space and a lack of action from Jerusalem City Hall has left 35 girls in the Ramot area of the city without a classroom as the 5774 school year begins. Parents blame City Hall. According to a HaPeles report, there are 90 Ramat Bet area girls ages 3-to-5-years-old without classrooms. This is not the result of discrimination by any school but due to a lack of space.

Local askanim acted and Siyata Dishmaya they managed to rent two apartments which provide a solution for 55 girls. While the apartment solution is only temporary, it is something, but for the remaining 35, there is no visible solution available.

In City Hall, officials view the situation a bit differently, explaining the responsibility for the kindergartens is not the city’s but the private education network that operates them. The city rejects allegations from parents that there are available buildings but the city prefers to have them remain vacant. The city insists those so-called vacant buildings are indeed being used.

And finally, City Hall adds that while the private kindergartens are not the city’s responsibility, they are working towards assisting parents to find a solution.

(YWN – Israel Desk, Jerusalem)

The New York Times’ website was inaccessible Tuesday afternoon in its second major disruption this month, with a group calling itself “The Syrian Electronic Army” claiming responsibility.

Visitors who visited the NYTimes.com website got error messages, although the page remained up on its Internet protocol address, 170.149.168.130 . Many of the site’s links also didn’t work because they relied on the NYTimes.com domain name. The cause was unknown, but the behavior was consistent with a hacking attack that hijacks control of a site from its administrators.

Times officials did not immediately return phone and email messages for comment. In a Twitter message, Times spokeswoman Eileen Murphy said the cause was a “malicious external attack.”

Two weeks ago, the Times’ website suffered an outage that the company blamed on a server problem.

The Syrian Electronic Army has taken credit for a string of Web attacks on media targets it sees as sympathetic to Syria’s rebels.

The group said in a Twitter message Tuesday that it also took over Twitter and Huffington Post U.K.

Twitter spokeswoman Christina Thiry said the company is looking into the claims.

Michael Fey, a chief technology officer at Santa Clara, Calif. based cybersecurity firm McAfee, said Tuesday that as long as media organizations play a critical role as influencers and critics, they will continue to be targets of cyber-attacks.

He said the battle tactics are broad, from denial of service attacks, to targeted attacks using social engineering and to deploying information-gathering Trojans.

“Regardless of technology or tactics deployed, we should expect to see more of these attacks,” he said.

FBI spokeswoman Jenny Shearer at the Washington D.C. headquarters said the agency has no comment on the attack.

(AP)

“They tried killing me in my old age” Maran HaGaon HaRav Ovadia Yosef Shlita is quoted telling Rabbi Moshe Shlomo Amar Shlita, when the former Rishon L’Tzion visited Rav Ovadia in Hadassah Hospital on Monday night, the eve of 21 Elul 5773. Rav Ovadia was admitted for tests and observation on Sunday. Rav Ovadia added “משיב רעה תחת טובה”.

The meeting was the first between the two since the Chief Rabbinate race. Shas officials have labeled Rav Amar persona non grata after he did not tow the party line and endorse Rabbi Yitzchak Yosef for the post of Rishon L’Tzion in the race.

It would appear that since efforts to meet with R’ Ovadia have failed of late, R’ Amar arrived at the hospital unannounced, thereby bypassing family and Shas party officials working to prevent him from visiting with the gadol hador.

Kikar Shabbat reports Rav Amar attempted to speak, but R’ Ovadia continued, and eventually R’ Amar stated “I will speak with the rav after he is discharged from the hospital.” The visit was a brief 10 minutes and R’ Amar realized R’ Ovadia was quite angry. R’ Amar was unsuccessful when he tried to shake R’ Ovadia’s hand as he took leave of him.

Kikar concludes that officials in the R’ Ovadia’s home were angered over the unannounced visit, which they view in a bad light, adding it increased R’ Ovadia’s anger and may have compromised his condition.

(YWN – Israel Desk, Jerusalem)

Speaking with Channel 2 News on Tuesday night, the eve of 22 Elul 5773, retired Israel Navy Commander Admiral Eliezer Merom feels an American assault against targets in Syria is almost a certainty. He feels the US action against Syria will be “very short, less than 24 hours providing Assad does not retaliate”. Meron declined to respond to a number of questions that would have detailed some of the US’ operational abilities for obvious reasons.

Admiral Meron explains what is critical is the selection of targets and to avoid error or even coming too close to civilians. He feels that an offensive launched from US battleships or aerial assaults from planes taking off in regional bases are both realistic options that can be executed with a minimum of risk to the US forces.

Meron highlighted “I do not like the use of the term ‘punish Syria’ that I am hearing in the media. For one thing, it is against international law and HKBH and in our world the courts are the ones that punish. The US is planning to send a message to Syria, to restore deterrence and persuade him to refrain from using chemical weapons again. This is deterrence, not punishment.”

It is clear in Israel senior cabinet ministers and the IDF’s General Staff have been briefed and Israel is in sync with the Pentagon. There is much speculation and uncertainty, but what appears certain today is that US President Barak Obama appears to moving ahead with an offensive, making good on his warning to Syria that if the chemical weapons red line is crossed, there would be a price to pay.

(YWN – Israel Desk, Jerusalem)

Justice Minister Tzipi Livni in an address to the Tel Aviv Bar Association on Monday night, the eve of 21 Elul 5773 spoke of the need of an independent judicial system.

“In a dispute between the rabbi and the court, we must side with court. A judge is responsible to interpret the law. The rabbi must be subordinate to that law” she explained.

In essence, her words are not earth shattering and she has released similar statements in the past, emphasizing her commitment to the nation’s secular law to the exclusion of the Torah HaKadosha.

(YWN – Israel Desk, Jerusalem)

As the American media focuses on what appears to be an imminent America forces strike against Syria, Israel is quietly moving the nation to wartime status. The “pit” in the Defense Ministry is already operating on emergency status, Walla News reports. In addition, the IDF’s Intelligence Units have heightened operational status as the military monitors events. IDF Chief of Staff Lt.-Gen. Benny Gantz has spoken with US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs General Martin Dempsey on the encoded phone, reportedly receiving final details of the American strike plan.

The IDF Homefront Command is working to notify residents in certain area as the Patriot, Arrow and Iron Dome missile intercept systems are on high alert, with the areas around the defense batteries being fortified.

Air force pilots have been ordered to high alert, able to respond in second instead of minutes. The IDF is moving to wartime alert without alarming the nation.

(YWN – Israel Desk, Jerusalem)

Teenagers everywhere today are struggling. Difficult relationships with parents, lack of direction, focus on materialism, drugs, academic and social pressures, addiction to computers, facebook and i-phones have left many families bereft of normalcy.
In Israel, the ‘normal’ problems of adolescence have taken an unnerving tone. Jewish girls, religious and not religious, are being lured into relationships with Arab men, which many times, turn out to be abusive, coercive with a never ending cycle of violence.

Why? And how is it possible that a Jewish girl will willingly go with an Arab? A religious girl? Don’t they know better? Where is their loyalty to Hashem and Klal Yisrael? The numbers are alarming – and growing daily. You see it everywhere in Israel; at the supermarket, with the waiters at the simcha halls. Almost anywhere, Jewish girls can interact with Arab men. The four organizations in Israel that rescue Jewish girls from Arab villages get over 1,000 new calls from girls asking to be rescued every year .

” Our young, vulnerable teenage girls are the targets in a battle and we don’t even realize that we are in a war. How frightening and troublesome,” says Kupfer, staff at Learn and Live – Learn and Return. “Although rescuing Jewish girls from Arab villages is definitely needed, the real need is to reach these girls before they get lured into the relationships. We can prevent tragedies if we can just reach these girls in time. We often become surrogate friends and family for girls who are hurting. We try to provide them with whatever they are missing. Even if they are already in a relationship, we can save them before it is too late,”explains Kupfer.

“All barriers are being broken down. Take a teenage girl with low self-esteem who grew up in a secular Israel, born and bred on coexistence, what can you expect? There are no differences between peoples, so why not? Abusive men prey on the vulnerability inherent to youth. A kind word, in invitation to lunch, a compliment easily diminishes the initial feelings of hesitation; until she gets used to him and his gifts – until she falls in love and is ‘escorted’ to his village where life changes drastically and it is almost impossible to return,” explains Patty Kupfer.

The potential reasons are many: poverty, dysfunctional homes, absence of a father figure-or an absentee father, lack of positive attention, social rejection. But, on the other hand, this widespread trend is neither rare nor random; there also seems to be a concerted effort toward ‘getting’ a Jewish girl. “According to the Sharia law, it is permissible to capture an ‘infidel’ and do whatever you want to her which means any Jewish girl is a ‘legal’ target in the Arab world. The number of girls going with Arabs is unprecedented. And girls from religious upbringings are no exception. It seems to be a battle for Kedushas Israel. With so many kids falling off the derech, these young girls need positive attention and they are getting it from the Arabs.
They are convinced that their Arab ‘friend’ is ‘different’ and would never hurt them despite the statistics”

Mrs. Kupfer continuted, “This problem has definitely hit the Haredi world. With so many kids falling of the derech, lonely, searching and vulnerable – our kids are no longer immune. Today, no parent can afford to have a bad relationship with their teenagers. The only solution is to learn how to love our daughters. Let’s learn from the Arabs. They spend lots of time with our girls, complimenting them, buying them gifts, and making them feel so special and important. Every parent has to make MORE time for their daughters. Not quality time-QUANTITY time. The price of not doing so-is enormous for our girls, for Klal Yisrael and for Hashem.”

The Education Ministry was operating its situation room on Tuesday morning, the first day of the 5774 school year. According to ministry officials, 2,130,000 students returned to the nation’s schools on 21 Elul 5773. Officials report 400,000 of the children are in kindergarten settings and 1.7 million in the school system.

Ministry Director-General Dalit Stauber lauded the opening day, which is not accompanied by closures or strikes, as was the case too often in the past. She added that over 4,500 school nationwide open their doors on Tuesday along with over 13,500 kindergartens.

Some other stats include; there are 148,774 children beginning first grade, 168,471 teachers in schools and kindergartens, 3,832 new teachers, and 350 new principals.

(YWN – Israel Desk, Jerusalem)