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Also remember we get to take a vacation every week, no to mention yuntuf and especially Hol ha-Moed.
Should Jews go on vacation while Eretz Yisrael is ruled by goyim and non-frum Jews, and Torah scholars are a persecuted minority?
1. Until the earlier 20th century, most women had full time jobs working on farms. Only the super-rich got sit around managing the household (which meant supervising a large number of servants). Middle class urban women ran businesses, engaged in home manufacturing, or had jobs as servants. To be a “traditional” wife who never had to have a career, you had to be wealthy. It wasn’t just Jewish women who worked for a living.
2. Given that the secular elite are proving unable to have children, there is a high probability that they will die out. This will be a messy matter when in about 40 years senior citizens have to cope with programs as social security cutting benefits, while most voters will be the younger persons who are having children. Already some countries are suffering from falling populations.
If the Democrats appease their WOKE, they risk losing their center. If the Republicans (meaning Trump) appease their center, their MAGA base will still vote for Trump. The question is whether a “progressive” such as Harris find a way to appeal to the center without alienating the left, but she has an advantage which is the left is suffering from “Trump Derangement Syndrome” so as long as Trump is the opponent, she can say whatever she wants. The real issue is whether Harris is clever enough to move to the center. Having chosen Vance, Trump can make an effort to recapture the center.
Trump seems to be getting cleverer, and it isn’t clear if the Democrats are (they should have dumped Biden six months ago, but then they would risk a far-left person similar to Bernie Sanders winning the convention).
Perhaps in 2028 there will a “Reagan-like” Conservative running for president. Of course by that time Taiwan will be a Chinese province, the South China sea will be a Chinese lake, Eastern Europe will be under Russian control, and the most important foreign language to learn in Eretz Yisrael will be Farsi. It is always possible that Harris or Trump will evolve, but at this point it doesn’t look like it.
Her views reflect those of most of the Democratic party leadership. Unassimilated Jews are “deplorables” in need of being cancelled. Not the Democrats’ attacks on yeshivos, not to mention their overall antagonism towards religion including their support of abortion and puberty blockers (a.k.a. castration drugs). If you don’t like them, vote for some other party.
Note that once you decide that Jews should assimilate, and that Torah is a myth, the Jewish claims to Eretz Yisrael become very weak. The Democrats secularism bodes ill for Yidden, both in America and Eretz Yisrael.
1. Many Democrats have been calling for violence against Trump whereas Trump never called for anything more than a demonstration against the Congress.
2. If Trump is very clever, he’ll announce an end to “lawfare” and propose a statute to make it very hard to sue or prosecute people for political purposes including rules on standing to sue, disqualification of prosecutors who announce they have a goal of prosecuting political enemies, venue rule changes, charging attorney fees for lawsuits bought for harassment, etc. He might start by offering a pardon to Hunter Biden, as someone whose prosecution was clearly political. By becoming the candidate who favors a “return to normalcy”, he will increase his chance of a landslide (and on the other hand, seeking revenge will help the Democrats).
Secular Jews (i.e. Americans of Jewish descent) have not necessarily switched. If they are switching, expect New York to go back to being “purple”, including New York City. That hasn’t happened yet.
The threat of war on the north is more serious. Unlike Hamas, Hezbollah never had restrictions on arming itself (thanks to the cooperation from the Lebanese government and the Iranians), and Iran may become directly involved (and already has substantial troops in the area). Gaza is a relative sideshow, and perhaps a mere diversionary tactic. The possibility of at attack from Hezbollah, assisted by Syria and Iran, is existential for Israel, Gaza is an annoying mosquito bite.
One should remember that the United States is not geared up for a full scale war, and both presidential candidates are somewhat anti-war, and more importantly, Russia and China and control of Europe and East Asia, are much more important to the USA than the Middle East (and unlike 1973, the US is a major oil exporter, so a disruption of Middle Eastern oil make North American oil more valuable and more profitable).
Sam Klein: They have always been having such storms along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. The indigenous peoples (the Indians) didn’t build their communities along the coasts. The Europeans didn’t get the message, and it seems that building in areas likely to be flooded is a minhag – encouraged by the Federal government. Less of Ha-Shem being mad, as the goyim being dumb.
The wildfires have long been present in California, and were noted by the first Europeans to visit the region. The Californians for some reason like to build in areas that are likely to engulfed by wildfires. While such areas are good for camping, or forest related businesses – they really should not be “zoned” for permanent settlement. Construction in earthquakes in another trait (though the Israelis do so as well).
Of course one could say Ha-Shem makes the goyim stupid as an act of Hessed to the Yidden (to make it harder for the goyim to kill us).
Beryl is an English name with roots going back to the ancient world, but at no point to any Hebrew or Jewish or even Semitic. I suspect its use by Jews reflected a desire to assimilate (cf: Moshe who became Morris, Aharon who became Arnold, etc.).
1. It is Lashon Ho’ra.
2. There is nothing you can do about it, or could have done about it.He is very ethical and lets his sense of ethics guide his work. He knows to try to throw Trump in jail on absurd charges (paying off a blackmailer is legal, the blackmailer is the criminal, not the victim). He understands that Trump is be definition the enemy of the people and needs to be in prison, and since the Constitution prohibits Bills of Attainder, he uses the tools available.
He also knows that Jews are “our misfortune” as the goyim say, and that those demanding the elimination of the Jews are doing a public service and should of course not be prosecuted.
Bragg’s perceptions of ethics reflect the mainstream of the American left, and the Democratic party. The problem are the “useful idiots” who enable those with such beliefs to come to power and use their power to implement their anti-democratic agenda.
It was much easier to do “deep fakes” prior to the 19th century, when they used artists (with very corruptible human intelligence).
If you were clever, it could be with photography,
Modern ones tend to be obviously fake, and the ease of doing them means no one will trust a photo.As for Biden, he appears to be as mentally and physically able as most people his age. Of course, most people “throw in the towel” prior to turning 70, and probably the country would be better or if Trump and Biden were content with being retired.
smerel: The Palestinian governments (included Hamas, which is the elected government of Gaza) have both tight control over their territory, plus the advantage that anyone who is going to object is likely to have left the country rather than being executed (which was not really an option in Germany once the war began, especially for citizens of Axis or occupied countries). Also both Gaza and West Bank (areas under Palestinian control) are Judenrein.
Hamas would have hanged them, probably a long time before, as spies or collaborators.
I think the phrase is “Hukas Goyim”. The only aspect of an American school graduation that might be Avodah Zarah would be the statement by a usually Christian clergy person (the “invocation”)-and if that is your standard many government functions would be banned. There is also some reason to suspect that Yidden have historically celebrated accomplishments (more likely with food and drink than with a boring ceremony).
Actually, no one is quite sure what Trump believes (“America First” or for a strong national defense and support of allies; against all immigration or only against illegals and concerned primarily on impact on employment for American citizens, for or against big government, and for or against states’ rights, etc.). What annoys people about Trump is not his policies, but his rude behavior, which is contrary to how presidents were expected to act (consider the conservative Reagan routinely meeting with the liberal Speaker of the House, and drinking together) Biden is just as confusing and inconsistent on policy as Trump (pro or anti-WOKE, pro-Israel and pro-Ukraine or trying to make sure neither does more than barely survive, pro-working class on tax or wanting to repeal the caps on state taxes and mortgages for the top 10%,etc.), and like Trump, Biden is highly partisan and often insulting.
Both have conventions and platforms coming up, and will be forced to take positions. It will be interesting.
There are several obvious ways to solve the tuition crisis:
1. Repeal the halacha about having so many children. Not only does the frum community not even consider this, they actual encourage shiduchim. I bet the LGBTQ people never have a tuition problem.
2. Stop paying teachers a living wage. If they reduced teacher salaries to the levels of 100 years ago, schools would be affordable. What makes you think a teacher needs a roof over this head and a car, or meals and decent clothes. They should work for potatoes.
3. Cut the curriculum. Do we really all those sefarim? What would be wrong with having only two books in Humash, Perhaps skip all those long pieces of the Talmuds – how about mishna only. And all those halachos, Yidden were quite happy in the past when they skipped most of them (where do you think the secular Yidden came from).
4. We can do what most American Jews did 100 years. Hide the yarmulkes (we might need to anyways), get rid of most Yiddishkeit, go to public schools, and assimilate.
OR, WE CAN RESIGN OURSELVES TO HAVING A PERPETUAL TUITION CRISIS, JUST LIKE WE RESIGN OURSELVES TO HIGHER FOOD COSTS, OR LOSING MOST EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES DUE TO BEING SHOMER SHABBOS, AND SAY “BARUCH HA-SHEM, WE ARE TEACHING OUR CHILDREN TO BE JEWS”
He accepts money from conservatives who have no cases pending before the courts. Liberal judges know to accept money only from liberals, even if they have cases pending. And even worse, he support civil rights for frum Jews, which is politically incorrect.
1, Japan agreed to surrender only when the United States agreed to leave the Emperor alone, and promised to have a democracy (note that arguably Japan was a constitutional monarchy to begin with, as the elected leaders were calling the shots, and they held a free election during the war with anti-war candidates allowed to run).
2. Had the July 1944 conspiracy worked, and it came close, Hitler would have been dead (meanings his “agreement” to anything would not be an issue, the leadership of Germany would be in prison or dead, and the generals led by Rommel would have been in charge and their plan would have included ending the Holocaust and arresting the Gestapo, and suing for peace). While I tend to think the world was better off with the way it did work out, around a million Jews died during those find 10 months.
Had Germany surrendered, conditionally, in July 1944 (as would have happened had Rommel replaced Hitler as Fuhrer had the July 20 putsch been successful), perhaps a million Jewish lives would have been saved. And arguably insistence of unconditional surrendered discouraged many Germans from supporting the various anti-Hitler conspiracies.
Note that had the United States stuck with the demand for unconditional surrender from Japan, American deaths in World War II would have been twice what they were, with the Russians ending up with all of Korea and much of Japan.
Particularly since most Arab states (though maybe not the people, only Lebanon anything the resembles routine free elections and it is ,more of resemblance than the real thing) regard Hamas as a pain in the tuchus,, Israel has room to negotiate something gets the surviving hostages (if any) back, disarms Hamas, and leads to Gaza being controlled by someone who won’t be sponsoring terrorism.
I can understand why one would change the second part of the username, but there is nothing embarrassing about being from Connecticut.
For a peace plan to work (meaning, to end the war once and for all), it will need to get the Palestinians to recognize that the Jews are the indigenous people of Eretz Yisrael and have a right, that they need to respect, to live there with at least complete security and autonomy. It also requires the Zionists to pacify the Arab Muslims, who after all had been the majority in Eretz Yisrael for over 1000 years (along the situation in North America, where those we call the Americans were the majority in much of the country only since the 19th century).
Given the the Zionists and the Palestinians can’t stand each other, a consistent peace plan is impossible. When the Hareidim become a majority, probably in the life time of those know in Heder, the situation might change since the Chareidim could give up some aspects of sovereignty such as having an Israel team compete at the Olympics or have a Zionist flag at the United Nations, as long as our rights to be frum, and secure, were respected.
Trump has been defined as evil and an enemy of the people. If the Democrats wanted a verdict that would discredit him, they would have avoid a jury pool drawn from a county that voted overwhelmingly for Biden. In political tries (which one once very common, especially in the southern states in the Jim Crow), arranging a biased jury pool was a key element in convicting those considered a threat to society (and to a Democrat, Trump is an existential threat to their culture and way of life). Also note that the judge was elected and could lose his job for disobeying the party’s leaders.
I suspect had the trial been in a less biased county (upstate, or at least in Richmond County/Staten Island)), the result would have been different.
No one has ever been prosecuted for such a crime before. In fact, the chief witness was a woman who would have been tried for blackmail in most jurisdictions. Trump is the first person convicted of paying hush money to a blackmailer. Had he been politically correct, he would have been a prosecution witness against the blackmailer.
If you object to the American political system, blame the guy in the mirror? We elect our leaders. If the government is run by corrupt amoral fools, blame the people who elected them.
Biden just broke. The Democrats have adopted the Putin/Xi model of dealing with opposition. They have made Trump, of all people, into a champion of individual rights and opposition to abusive criminal justice. The Democrats remain split between a wing that includes many Jews, and a wing that advocates our genocide – and the Republicans (and Libertarians) can work together.
Whatever form of senility Biden has, it seems to be contagious.
Think Putin. Except Biden doesn’t have a Gulag to disappear people into. Throwing the head of the opposition into jail on trumped up charges (no pun intended) is something they do in places like Russia and China, not the United States. The Democrats may have had a usable issue by claiming Trump’s behavior on Jan. 6, 2021 was a threat to democracy – but Trump never tried to throw Biden in jail on political charges. Acting like a fascist will not convince anyone except your supporters that the opponent is a fascist, and winning elections in Americas involves getting the non-base in the middle.
The jury is in a bind. The government’s case was pretty bad to begin with, and what they had was presented poorly. Since when it it illegal to pay off a “woman of ill repute”, not to mention that she was probably guilty of extortion and Trump was the victim. However the jury pool was engineered to guarantee to super-blue jury. Unless they convict they’ll go home friends and neighbors blaming them letting the “great Satan” (to borrow from a similarly fanatic culture) go free.
Biden’s capitulation (surrender, being chased out like a scared dog with his tail between his legs) from Afghanistan led to both the Iranian sponsored Hamas attack on Oct. 7, as well as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. He “talks the talk” about opposing dictators and terrorists, but he stumbles when he tries to walk the walk, and is consistently discouraging effective resistance against the tyrants and terrorists, and instead of building up American’s ability to defend itself and assist allies (which was the reason for Chamberlain’s appeasement in 1039 – he wanted more time to prepare his military for a war, which he did – it wasn’t his fault that France collapsed), Biden’s defense policies are focused on WOKENESS and “D.E.I.”.
So if you are Hamas, Iran, Putin or China – I can understand why you see how much good Biden has done for you, and are grateful.
And I am not saying Trump’s “America First” would be better. It should be remembered that most Americans were “America First “isolationists” on December 6, 1941 – and would have gladly let Hitler conquer and keep Europe. I think it more likely that due to the “Progressive” influence on Biden, going back to his anti-war attitudes 50 years ago, Biden less likely than Trump to turn into a leader willing to opposed the tyrants and terrorists who wish to cut our throats.
It is unclear if you can recognize “Palestine” and “Israel” since Palestine’s borders include all of the territory claimed by the Medinah. Also parts of Eretz Yisrael are probably also in Syria and Egypt (depending on whose views you hold by – it matters in terms of shmittah and holding 2nd day yuntuf).
Note the the word “sovereign” refers to a country (originally a king) being higher than any other king or state, including supremacy over any diety. Thus the concept of being “sovereign” is probably unacceptable to Jews, and Muslims, and anyone else who believes the creator of the world exercises any supervisory function over the world. According to Rashi, Ha-Shem is “sovereign” over the world, including Eretz Yisrael, and allows Jews to have rights there.
All large political parties have multiple factions. The only anti-Semitic faction of the Democrats is the “Progressive” (a.k.a. “woke) faction, which for the most part is supporting Hamas’s demand for genocide of Jews. The question is whether this faction is in control of the Democratic party, or whether they are “nut cases” who will be ditched.
The Republican party has factions whose views are offensive to many people including us, though for the most part they have kicked them out (e.g. when a KKK “wizard” managed to emerge from the primaries as the Republican candidate for Senate in Louisiana, and party leaders urged their voters not to vote for him).
In all fairness for Biden and his ilk, the “great game” they are playing involves keeping Iran’s “team” for defeating Israel, but without hurting Iran in a meaningful way as that would alienate Muslims in many countries, whose support the United States needs for the upcoming World War III with China and Russia (both of whom are allied with Iran) – and domestically, to win, Biden needs both the “Progressive” anti-Semitic wing, as well as the establishment wing that is heavily dependent of the secular Jewish voters.
The Zionist dream was to have a secular state free of frum Jews and independent of the goyim. At present it is losing on both point. Demographically, Hareidim are “drowning” the Zionists (and unlike many Palestinians who choose to emigrate, living elsewhere is not so attractive to Hareidim). Being independent of the goyim is still possible, but the secular Israelis won’t make the economic sacrifices, and the Hareidim aren’t anxious to incur hardship for a medinah whose leadership sees frum Jews as their misfortune.
But it could change. If frum Jews start to takeover, they would be willing to settle for a much lower standard of living. And as Israel becomes less westernized (i.e. more frum), it would be easier to ally with non-Jews in the Middle East who oppose the Iranian/ISIS/al Queda/Muslim Brotherhood brand of political Islam.
The question is above our grade level. If you can find Eliyahu’s number, you might want to text him to ask?
Whether this is a small marginal faction, or the new mainstream, of the Democrats is yet to be seen. In New York and Los Angeles, the Democrats cracked down on the de facto Nazis. The real moment of truth will come at the Democratic convention where a platform fight over “WOKE” issues, including the WOKE advocacy of anti-Semitism and genocide of Jews, will be an issue. One can still hope that the Democratic leadership will have a “Sister Soulija moment” and will denounce the WOKE nutcases and put an end to this nonsense – Plan B, is we will need to decide on whether to relocate to the “Red” states, or flee to Israel.
The charges against Trump:
1. An assault case with no physical evidence, and the victim didn’t realize she had been assaulted until Trump became a politically incorrect politician. edited
2. Paying “hush money” to a women engaged in morally questionable activity – while it is illegal for a man to “consort”, it isn’t illegal to be the victim of extortion
3. Objecting to election results where he had real reasons to suspect something improper (the wide disparity between in person votes and absentee paper ballots). This is traditionally a “red flag” of vote fraud (even if in this case the most likely explanation is how different media portrayed Covid19 – Democrats “bought” the end of the world scenarios more than Republicans and were afraid to vote normally).
4. Alleged business fraud not involving a defrauded partner. By definition fraud is NEVER a victimless crime.
IF THE SAME CHARGES WERE BROUGHT IN RUSSIA AGAINST SOMEONE OPPOSING PUTIN, WESTERN LIBERALS WOULD SANACTION THE PROSECUTORS FOR SO OBVIOUSLY ABUSING THE LEGAL SYSTEM FOR POLITICAL PURPOSES.
P.S. For the record, I can’t stand Trump’s policies. I am a social conservative, neocon, internationalist and fiscal conservative. I am pro-immigration, and favor the RINO policies made famous by Ronald Reagan and George Bush. However the Democrats’ lawfare campaign is an open assault on rule of law similar to Germany in the first days of the Third Reich.
This is precedent shattering. Never before has a man been prosecuted for paying “hush money” to a woman of ill repute. Occasionally the woman, or her “agent” (“broker” in a better term legally) been prosecuted. If Putin prosecuted an opponent on a novel legal theory, the world would point say he was an anti-democratic tyrant. Democracies don’t do lawfare. If the people in power want to crush someone, they defeat them in the election.
They don’t abuse the legal system to avoid being defeated in an upcoming election. Here’s looking at you Joe…Not destroying the world. Perhaps undermining the Democrats (if Trump exploits the opportunity), and destroying what is left of the Israeli left wing, though the Israeli center is adaptable (and in all fairness doesn’t disagree with the right wing, other than on the issue of whether to persecute Hareidim).
Especially for work in the Beis ha-Mikdash (no big deal today, but great long term prospects).
Obviously not. It is very rude to insult President Obama to such an extent. While he made many mistakes, at least he put much thoughtfulness and intelligence into them.
The world is undergoing change. In the United States, the party that most Jews considered “home” two generations, including most frum Jews until recently, is increasingly led by a faction that openly supports genocide of our people. This is the first time in American history that open advocacy of genocide has been politically correct, and undermines the view held by most Jews in North America is that we are “safe” here.
Israel is fighting a major war and the outcome is in doubt.
In 1991 the wrote about the “end of history” – meaning actual peace and prosperity in our time. It hasn’t worked out that way.
If you are confident of any political, economic or social facts that you knew were true 50 years ago, you have no reason to believe they are still are.
It is very impressive that it is the “deplorable” supporters of Trump who are investing, which indicates a much greater degree of support than the affluent elites who donate to the Democrats.
It also suggests that the Democrats plan to cripple the Republicans with lawfare (which is similar to how authoritarian parties in the third world deal with opposition), is being perceived by more and more Americans as anti-democratic and and un-American. The Democrats might do better to fight with Trump on issues rather than arguing that Trump is evil and need to be cancelled. America was founded by people who were “cancelled” in their previously countries, and running a platform of “cancel culture” may prove counterproductive.
qwertyqwerty: The current “America First” is strongly pro-Israel (unlike the original one in the 1930s that was anti-Jewsh) BUT “rooting for Israel” doesn’t help much. Israel needs access to American military gear (and “American First” opposes foreign aid) and the United States willingness to intervene in certain conditions (including the attempt by Iran to block Israeli access to the Red Sea). Many people in many countries were very sympathetic to the Jews in World War II, but did nothing to help – we don’t need such sympathy.
I should add that I would not be surprised if Trump decides that since various allies (e.g. Poland, Israel, Taiwan and Ukraine) are showing a willingness to arm themselves to the teeth and fight for their own freedom, the United States will proudly see the America if First in leading the free world – but given Trump’s (and Biden’s) chaotic style of doing business, one can’t be certain how this will play out.
1. Any look at his business suggests he would always be “land rich, cash poor”. Many people have liquidity problems if they invest in real estate (including many modest home owners).
2. The Democrats’ “lawfare” campaign of trumped up charges is clearly working to destroy Trump’s assets, as a warning that anyone, even a billionaire, who stands in the way of the WOKE agenda can be cancelled. It may be backfiring. It is a factor is some firms wanting to relocate away from blue states for states in which “rule of law” prevails, rather than WOKE lawfare. The fear of Democratic abuse of the legal system to harass political enemies appears to be encouraging Republicans to close ranks around Trump even though most pre-2016 Republicans have serious ideological disagreements with Trump.
3. The attempt to destroy Trump’s assets is also calling attention to a recent “flip” in that the Democrats are now the party of the super-rich (e.g. Wall Street, major corporations, Hollywood and media industries, Silicon Valley and Big Tech), the the Republicans are the party of the working class “deplorables”. As the Republicans found out when they were the party of the elite, in a democracy, the elite usually don’t win elections (and were it not for Gore’s “own goal” in 2000, the Democrats would controlled the White House for a 24 year period preceding Trump’s win in 2016).
Note that secular Israelis, who appear to be the economic and political elite, i.e., the ruling and/or upper class, are NOT complaining about government institutions coercing their children into becoming frum. They are making no demands for “secular” accommodation. They are not complaining about over-representation of religious Jews in the officer corps of the military. The fact that they dominate the country is strong evidence of the bigotry towards the non-elite groups (the religious, and especially Hareidim and religious non-Ashkenazim).
It has been well documented that the secular-run army has the effect of moving a considerable percentage of Jewish recruits into a secular lifestyle they did not have previously, and that it appears that the biggest determinant of whether a young Israeli brought up religious does, or does not, “go off the derekh”, is military service. One should note that this takes place before they run into the significant discrimination in employment they encounter after the military.
Based on the votes on aid for Israel, this does not appear to be the case. The “Progressives” (“WOKE”) wing is anti-Israel, and generally supports anti-Semitism, but it isn’t clear how strong they are, or perhaps, they are noisy but really not that strong. Biden is nervous about offending them, but that in itself doesn’t mean they are a majority of the Democrats.
While the Republicans have in the recent past been pro-Israel, the “America First” faction seems to be in control of Republican party, and their platform of non-involvement in foreign wars precludes the United States giving anything more than “moral” support to Israel.
While the Progressive (WOKE) Democrats and the American First (MAGA) Republicans make a lot of noise, polls suggest that most supporters of both parties still support the “globalist” foreign policy that has dominated the United States since 1945. We’ll see better after the conventions this summer.
The American president is merely the “first servant”. Unlike a monarchy, the “sovereign” is the people, or arguably the states (equivalent, in theory to King Charles in the United Kingdom). The president is the chief civil servant and the chief general. There is no logic is arguing the a servant (i.e. the president) is immune from prosecution if he willfully disobeys orders from his master (i.e. the people, as expressed by law).
Note that in halacha, a king’s servants who disobey the king have no immunities from prosecution.
The new FAFSA would result of more aid only to lower income children from small families, and apparently pays for it with reducing aid to poor families with many children. Especially if the Republicans win, it might get changed. It appears to have been an administrative decision rather than a statute, making it easy to change.
FAFSA is just a data collection device. What institutions do with the data is up to each institution. It is an interesting “shailoh” whether anti-discrimination laws might impact on a school’s decisions about how they consider family size.
yeshivaguy45: The Israeli Was of Independence ended in March 1949, but when it began is subject to debate. One date is based on when other Arab states entered the ready existing war in May 1948, but the Zionists and Palestinians had been clearly fighting each other since no later than November 1947,and various zionists were engaged in open hostilities against the British since at least 1946, and arguably earlier.